EV Basics and Charging Technology
Volta Team
EV Infrastructure Experts
Electric vehicles are transforming how we move, but many drivers still have questions about how they actually work and how to charge them efficiently.
In this article, we'll answer:
- What are the main types of electric vehicles and how do they differ?
- How does EV charging work at home versus public stations?
- What's the difference between AC and DC charging, and which one is faster?
- How long does it really take to charge an electric car?
- What's the best way to protect your battery and extend its lifespan?
Understanding the basics of EV technology and charging will help you make confident, informed decisions as you switch to electric mobility.
What is an Electric Vehicle?
An electric vehicle (EV) is powered by an electric motor and battery instead of a combustion engine. Electricity stored in the battery powers an electric motor, which drives the wheels. When you press the accelerator, a controller delivers power from the battery to the motor.
EVs fall into three main categories:
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) – Fully electric
Fully electric cars that run only on electricity and have no gasoline engine. Examples include the Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model 3. They charge through an external power source and regenerative braking.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
These cars combine an electric motor with a gasoline engine. They can run on electric power for shorter trips and automatically switch to gasoline for longer distances. Examples: Toyota Prius Plug-in, Volvo XC60 Recharge.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
Hybrids like the Toyota Prius use both a combustion engine and a small battery. They do not plug in; the battery is charged through the engine and regenerative braking.
The common thread is that the battery powers an electric motor; the difference is how much you rely on gasoline.
How EV Charging Works
Charging an EV is simpler than you might think. EVs can be charged at home or at public charging stations. Chargers communicate with your vehicle to verify the connection, regulate current and monitor battery temperature so you get a safe, efficient charge.
AC vs. DC Charging
AC (Alternating Current) Charging
Used at home and many public "slow" chargers. The onboard charger in your car converts AC power from the grid into DC to charge the battery.
Ideal for overnight charging at 2.3–22 kW
DC (Direct Current) Fast Charging
Available at fast-charging stations. DC chargers convert AC to DC externally and supply power directly to the battery, bypassing the car's onboard charger.
Delivers 50 kW and above for rapid charging
The Charging Process
- 1Plug in: Whether at home or at a fast charger, connect the cable to your car. Modern plugs and sockets are designed to be weatherproof and safe to use even in the rain.
- 2Handshake: The charger and vehicle exchange data to confirm the correct plug type, charging rate, and battery status. Power does not flow until both systems agree, preventing accidental sparks.
- 3Charging: Power flows at the agreed rate. At home, this might take several hours; at a DC fast-charger, you can reach 80% battery in 20–40 minutes depending on your vehicle's capacity.
- 4Completion: When the battery reaches the set level (for example, 80% or 100%), the charger automatically stops. Some vehicles allow you to set the charge limit to protect battery health.
Home vs. Public Charging
Home charging is convenient if you have a dedicated parking spot or garage. You can plug your EV in overnight and start each day with a full battery. Because home electricity rates are generally lower than public charging fees, this is often the most economical option.
However, not everyone has access to a private driveway or garage. Public charging networks provide flexibility when you're on a road trip or live in an apartment building. Fast-charging stations can add significant range quickly, making long-distance travel possible.
Tips for Battery Care
Know your battery chemistry
Lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) batteries can regularly charge to 100% without significant degradation, while lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC/NCA) batteries benefit from keeping daily charging to 80–90%.
Avoid frequent deep discharges
Keeping the battery between about 20–80% helps maintain long-term capacity.
Use fast charging wisely
Fast charging is safe but generates more heat. When possible, mix fast charging with slower AC charging to prolong battery life.
Why Drive Electric?
Lower Operating Costs
EVs have fewer moving parts and require less maintenance than internal-combustion vehicles. They cost less to "refuel."
Environmental Benefits
Even accounting for electricity generation, EVs produce significantly less lifetime CO₂ than gasoline cars.
Performance
Instant torque, quiet operation and the convenience of home charging contribute to a smoother driving experience.
Final Thoughts
Electric vehicles are no longer a niche — they are rapidly becoming the mainstream choice for drivers. Understanding the basics of EV technology and charging will make your transition smoother. Whether you charge at home or on the road, proper charging habits and battery care will ensure your car stays efficient for years to come.